[{"content":"About Circles arranged in concentric rings radiating from the canvas centre — 9 rings of 24 spokes each, with alternate rings staggered by half a spoke for a brick-offset pattern. Every circle is randomly displaced from its spoke origin and then animated back into orbit around it, so the whole mandala breathes continuously.\nPalette is generated from a single hue seed: three colours evenly spaced around the wheel with a small random jitter, drawn from HSL globals for saturation and luminance. The seed controls the colour family; --seed N produces a different palette and orbit phase for every circle.\nAnimation uses SVG animateTransform with a negative begin time per circle, placing each one at a different point in its orbit from the first frame. Durations are randomised between 5 s and 15 s.\nGenerator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 # /// script # requires-python = \u0026#34;\u0026gt;=3.11\u0026#34; # dependencies = [] # /// import math import sys import random SATURATION = 64 LUMINANCE = 50 ALPHA = 0.2 WIDTH = 800 HEIGHT = 450 N_RINGS = 9 N_SPOKES = 24 CENTER_X = WIDTH // 2 CENTER_Y = HEIGHT // 2 MAX_R = min(WIDTH, HEIGHT) // 2 - 24 RING_STEP = MAX_R // N_RINGS MAX_JITTER = RING_STEP // 6 MIN_DUR = 5.0 MAX_DUR = 15.0 BG = \u0026#34;#1a1a2e\u0026#34; def palette(hue_seed, n=3, rng=None): step = 360 / n out = [] for i in range(n): base = (hue_seed + i * step) % 360 jitter = rng.uniform(-20, 20) if rng else 0 h = (base + jitter) % 360 out.append(f\u0026#34;hsl({h:.0f},{SATURATION}%,{LUMINANCE}%)\u0026#34;) return out def make_defs(): return ( \u0026#34;\u0026lt;defs\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#34; \u0026#34; \u0026lt;filter id=\u0026#39;sh\u0026#39; x=\u0026#39;-30%\u0026#39; y=\u0026#39;-30%\u0026#39;\u0026#34; \u0026#34; width=\u0026#39;160%\u0026#39; height=\u0026#39;160%\u0026#39;\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#34; \u0026#34; \u0026lt;feDropShadow dx=\u0026#39;2\u0026#39; dy=\u0026#39;3\u0026#39; stdDeviation=\u0026#39;3\u0026#39;\u0026#34; \u0026#34; flood-color=\u0026#39;#000000\u0026#39; flood-opacity=\u0026#39;0.6\u0026#39;/\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#34; \u0026#34; \u0026lt;/filter\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#34; \u0026#34;\u0026lt;/defs\u0026gt;\u0026#34; ) def generate(seed: int = 42) -\u0026gt; str: rng = random.Random(seed) r = RING_STEP // 2 r = 24 hue_seed = rng.uniform(0, 360) colors = palette(hue_seed, rng=rng) parts = [ \u0026#39;\u0026lt;svg xmlns=\u0026#34;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; viewBox=\u0026#34;0 0 {WIDTH} {HEIGHT}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; width=\u0026#34;{WIDTH}\u0026#34; height=\u0026#34;{HEIGHT}\u0026#34;\u0026gt;\u0026#39;, f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;style\u0026gt;:root{{width:100%;height:100%;background:{BG}}}\u0026lt;/style\u0026gt;\u0026#39;, make_defs(), f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;rect width=\u0026#34;{WIDTH}\u0026#34; height=\u0026#34;{HEIGHT}\u0026#34; fill=\u0026#34;{BG}\u0026#34;/\u0026gt;\u0026#39;, ] points = [(CENTER_X, CENTER_Y)] for ring in range(1, N_RINGS + 1): ring_r = ring * RING_STEP offset = math.pi / N_SPOKES if ring % 2 else 0 for spoke in range(N_SPOKES): angle = 2 * math.pi * spoke / N_SPOKES + offset points.append(( CENTER_X + ring_r * math.cos(angle), CENTER_Y + ring_r * math.sin(angle), )) for ocx, ocy in points: dx = rng.uniform(-MAX_JITTER, MAX_JITTER) dy = rng.uniform(-MAX_JITTER, MAX_JITTER) cx = ocx + dx cy = ocy + dy color = rng.choice(colors) dur = rng.uniform(MIN_DUR, MAX_DUR) phase = rng.uniform(0, dur) parts.append( f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;circle cx=\u0026#34;{cx:.1f}\u0026#34; cy=\u0026#34;{cy:.1f}\u0026#34; r=\u0026#34;{r}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; fill=\u0026#34;{color}\u0026#34; fill-opacity=\u0026#34;{ALPHA}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; stroke=\u0026#34;#000000\u0026#34; stroke-width=\u0026#34;1.5\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; filter=\u0026#34;url(#sh)\u0026#34;\u0026gt;\u0026#39; \u0026#39;\u0026lt;animateTransform\u0026#39; \u0026#39; attributeName=\u0026#34;transform\u0026#34; type=\u0026#34;rotate\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; from=\u0026#34;0 {ocx:.1f} {ocy:.1f}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; to=\u0026#34;360 {ocx:.1f} {ocy:.1f}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; dur=\u0026#34;{dur:.1f}s\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; begin=\u0026#34;-{phase:.1f}s\u0026#34;\u0026#39; \u0026#39; repeatCount=\u0026#34;indefinite\u0026#34;/\u0026gt;\u0026#39; \u0026#39;\u0026lt;/circle\u0026gt;\u0026#39; ) parts.append(\u0026#34;\u0026lt;/svg\u0026gt;\u0026#34;) return \u0026#34;\\n\u0026#34;.join(parts) + \u0026#34;\\n\u0026#34; if __name__ == \u0026#34;__main__\u0026#34;: import argparse p = argparse.ArgumentParser() p.add_argument(\u0026#34;--output\u0026#34;, \u0026#34;-o\u0026#34;, default=\u0026#34;cover.svg\u0026#34;) p.add_argument(\u0026#34;--seed\u0026#34;, type=int, default=82) args = p.parse_args() svg = generate(seed=args.seed) if args.output == \u0026#34;-\u0026#34;: sys.stdout.write(svg) else: with open(args.output, \u0026#34;w\u0026#34;) as f: f.write(svg) ","date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/circles-05/cover.svg","permalink":"/p/circles-05/","title":"Circles 05"},{"content":"DecentWeb — High-Level Design Document Version: 0.2 (DHT-native rewrite) Status: Draft Purpose: Establish design goals, architectural overview, and rationale for a decentralized, privacy-preserving content web. Each architectural layer defined here will be expanded in separate documents and agent sessions. This document also serves as the basis for future standards publication, including options considered and reasoning for each decision.\n1. Motivation The contemporary web has converged on a set of structural pathologies that cannot be fixed incrementally:\nHosting costs money, so content must monetize attention. Every popup, paywall, cookie banner, and email capture form is downstream of this single economic fact. Servers are surveillance infrastructure. Any content served from a server can log who requested it, when, and from where. Privacy tools mitigate this but cannot eliminate it while the architecture remains client-server. Search is captured by SEO economics. When ranking in a central index is the primary discovery mechanism, the incentive to game that index overwhelms the incentive to produce good content. JavaScript enables hostile client-side behavior. Bot detection walls, consent dark patterns, and tracking scripts are all JS-dependent. Removing JS from content rendering removes the attack surface entirely. Cloudflare and similar services have made \u0026ldquo;no-JS browsing\u0026rdquo; practically non-functional on the modern web, not because content requires JS, but because bot detection does. A separate network sidesteps this entirely. Gemini protocol correctly identified these problems but overcorrected — removing images is an unnecessary constraint that limits legitimate expression. This project aims for the minimal sufficient set of constraints to eliminate the pathologies without sacrificing expressive capability.\n2. Design Goals 2.1 Core Properties (Non-Negotiable) Goal Description Zero outbound requests from content Once content is fetched, no network request of any kind leaves the user\u0026rsquo;s machine as a result of rendering it. Tracking a reader is structurally impossible. No hosting cost for publishers Publishing content should cost nothing beyond the electricity to seed it initially. Distribution cost is borne collectively by the peer network. No central index Discovery must not depend on any single service. There is no Google, no search engine to optimise for, no authority to capture. Content integrity without certificate authorities Trust derives from cryptographic signatures tied to author keypairs, not from third-party certificate authorities or DNS. Natural content expiry Content that nobody cares about disappears. There is no incentive to preserve zombie SEO content indefinitely. Format simplicity The renderable format set is constrained to HTML, CSS, WebP, and WebM. No JavaScript. No cookies. No forms that submit to remote servers. No required old-web dependency Publishing, subscribing, and reading require no DNS, HTTPS, or existing web infrastructure. The protocol is operationally self-contained. 2.2 Secondary Goals (Strong Preference) Interoperability with the existing web: Content may link to the regular web. Those links open externally in a conventional browser context, clearly marked as leaving the local network. Author identity portability: An author\u0026rsquo;s identity is their keypair. It cannot be deplatformed, suspended, or transferred by any third party. Reader anonymity by default: No account, login, or registration is required to read anything. Subscriptions are local state only. Graceful degradation: A feed that goes unupdated simply stops appearing in new content. There is no broken-link equivalent; content either exists in the swarm or it doesn\u0026rsquo;t. Low implementation complexity: Every layer of the stack should be specifiable in a document a competent engineer can implement independently. 2.3 Explicit Non-Goals Real-time communication. This is a content distribution network, not a messaging system or social network. Latency tolerances are measured in minutes, not milliseconds. E-commerce or transactional capability. If you need to take payments, run a form, or operate a login wall, you need the regular web. This network provides a link mechanism to go there. Guaranteed permanence. Content lives as long as peers seed it. Archival is a separate concern and out of scope. Anonymity for publishers. Readers are anonymous. Publishers are pseudonymous at best — their keypair is their identity, but linking a keypair to a real person is outside the protocol\u0026rsquo;s scope. 3. Architectural Overview The system is composed of five loosely coupled layers. Each layer has a single responsibility and communicates with adjacent layers through well-defined interfaces. No layer depends on anything above it.\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ 5. RENDERING LAYER │ │ Custom browser / stripped renderer │ │ HTML + CSS + WebP + WebM only │ │ Zero outbound requests from content │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 4. DISCOVERY LAYER │ │ Local full-text index of fetched content │ │ Trust-graph recommendations from followed feeds │ │ No central search engine │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 3. CONTENT LAYER │ │ BitTorrent for content bundle distribution │ │ Bundle: HTML + assets, addressed by hash │ │ Hash referenced and verified via Feed layer │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 2. FEED LAYER │ │ BEP 44 mutable DHT item → feed manifest torrent │ │ Author-controlled, Ed25519 signed │ │ Maps author identity → content hashes │ │ Canonical address: btpk magnet link │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ 1. IDENTITY LAYER │ │ Ed25519 keypair — identity IS the public key │ │ No registration, no authority, no account │ │ Signs feeds; verified locally by all readers │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Layer interfaces Layer Consumes Emits Identity — Ed25519 public keys; signature verification rules Feed Public keys or btpk magnet links Current feed manifest torrent hash (via BEP 44 DHT lookup); signed ordered list of content hashes + recommended keys Content Content hashes from feed Verified local bundle (HTML + assets) Discovery Local bundles; followed public keys Search results; recommended feeds Rendering Local bundle contents only Rendered page (no outbound requests) The canonical DecentWeb author address is a BEP 46-compatible magnet link: magnet:?xs=urn:btpk:\u0026lt;base32-encoded-public-key\u0026gt;\nOnce a reader has the public key or btpk link — acquired through any channel — all feed refresh and content retrieval happen entirely over the DHT and BitTorrent network. No old-web dependency.\nEach layer is described briefly below. Each will be expanded in a dedicated document.\n4. Layer Summaries Layer 1 — Identity Author identity is an Ed25519 keypair. The public key is the author\u0026rsquo;s permanent identifier — analogous to a username that nobody can take away. The private key signs all feed manifests published by that author.\nThere is no registration step, no server involved, and no authority that can suspend or transfer the identity. A keypair can be generated offline. The public key is how readers subscribe to an author and how the browser verifies content authenticity.\nKey design decision recorded here: Ed25519 over secp256k1 (used by Bitcoin/nostr). Ed25519 is faster, signatures are smaller, and implementations are available in every major language without external dependencies. The nostr ecosystem\u0026rsquo;s use of secp256k1 is noted; interoperability with nostr is desirable but not at the cost of unnecessary complexity. Compatibility shim options will be explored in the Identity Layer document.\nKey design decision recorded here: The same Ed25519 keypair serves three purposes: it is the author\u0026rsquo;s identity, it signs feed manifests, and it authorises updates to the author\u0026rsquo;s BEP 44 mutable DHT item. One key, three roles. Authors who have an existing Ed25519 SSH key may reuse it if tooling supports extracting the raw 32-byte public key and producing BEP 44-compatible signatures. SSH is not part of the protocol; RSA and ECDSA SSH key types are incompatible with BEP 44.\nKey design decision recorded here: Key lifecycle is a social and application-layer concern, not a protocol mechanism. If an author loses or rotates a key, they publish new content under the new key and announce the transition out of band — via chat, email, a notice in their existing content, or by any other channel available to them. Readers update trust locally. Old content under the old key remains in the swarm and continues to verify; readers decide individually whether to keep or remove trust for the old key. There is no protocol-level revocation infrastructure. A future ecosystem extension may standardise a signed successor-key field in the feed manifest, but none exists at this version.\nDesign principle: Once content enters the swarm, no author can make it inaccessible. Key changes, feed updates, and client removals affect what a reader chooses to display; they cannot retract content from the network. This is a property of the architecture, not a limitation. Published is public.\nLayer 2 — Feed The feed is a signed manifest file associating an author\u0026rsquo;s public key with their published content hashes and an optional peer recommendation block. The current version of the feed is located through a BEP 44 mutable item in the BitTorrent DHT. The BEP 44 item is a small signed pointer — not the feed itself — which contains the infohash of the latest feed manifest torrent. The BEP 44 value size limit (1000 bytes) is not a constraint because the DHT item stores only the pointer; the feed manifest itself is a full-size torrent with no size limit.\nPublication flow:\nAuthor assembles a content bundle and creates a torrent for it → content_infohash Author updates the signed feed manifest to include the new entry → creates a torrent for the updated manifest → feed_manifest_infohash Author increments the sequence number, signs {seq: N, v: feed_manifest_infohash} with their Ed25519 private key, and pushes the updated BEP 44 mutable item to the DHT No HTTP is required. The author needs only a DHT-capable BitTorrent client.\nRead flow:\nReader obtains the author\u0026rsquo;s public key or btpk magnet link through any channel Reader derives the DHT key (SHA1(pubkey)) and resolves the BEP 44 mutable item; verifies the Ed25519 signature against the public key Extracts feed_manifest_infohash; fetches the feed manifest torrent Fetches desired content bundles via BitTorrent Feed mirrorability: Because the signed feed manifest is cryptographically bound to the author\u0026rsquo;s key, the same signed file may be served from multiple hosts interchangeably. This is an explicitly supported property — the same feed_manifest_infohash may be distributed via BitTorrent, served over HTTP, or relayed by peers. HTTP-hosted mirror feeds are a useful fallback transport in environments where DHT access is degraded, but they are secondary transports, not trust anchors. Signature verification against the author\u0026rsquo;s public key applies regardless of transport.\nMutable content is handled at this layer: when an author updates an article, they publish a new content hash in the feed manifest. The old hash remains valid. The client follows the feed to find the latest version.\nKey design decision recorded here: DHT-native feed addressing over ActivityPub or HTTP-only RSS. ActivityPub requires server infrastructure per identity and two-way federation. HTTP-only RSS requires a hosting arrangement and a server to go offline. BEP 44 mutable items are DHT-native, Ed25519-signed, and update without any server. The social graph functionality of ActivityPub is not a goal; peer recommendations in the feed manifest serve discovery without server federation.\nLayer 3 — Content Content is distributed as BitTorrent bundles. Each bundle contains one logical publication: an HTML entry point, its associated CSS, and any images or video (WebP and WebM respectively). The bundle is addressed by its torrent hash, which appears in the author\u0026rsquo;s feed manifest.\nBitTorrent\u0026rsquo;s swarm model means popular content costs the publisher nothing — readers collectively seed it. Obscure or old content naturally stops being seeded and disappears, which is the desired behaviour.\nBoth feed manifest torrents (Layer 2) and content bundle torrents are transported at this layer. BitTorrent handles both; there is no separate transport for feed metadata.\nKey design decision recorded here: BitTorrent over IPFS. IPFS requires a persistent daemon, has a slow global DHT for unpopular content, and its mutable pointer system (IPNS) is unreliable in practice. Its ideological commitment to permanent storage conflicts with this project\u0026rsquo;s goal of natural content expiry. BitTorrent is simpler, more widely implemented, and its economic model (seeder attrition) produces the right emergent behaviour.\nLayer 4 — Discovery Discovery is entirely local. The browser maintains a full-text search index over all content the user has fetched. There is no central index to submit to, no ranking algorithm to optimise for, and no third party involved.\nNew content is found through two mechanisms:\nFeed subscriptions — you follow an author\u0026rsquo;s public key; their new content appears as they publish it. Trust-graph recommendations — feed manifests may include a signed list of other public keys the author recommends. The browser can optionally fetch and surface those feeds, building a web of trust from subscriptions outward. Key design decision recorded here: Local index over federated search. Federated search requires coordination infrastructure and reintroduces a surface for gaming. Local indexing over personally-fetched content means search results are by definition relevant to what the user has already expressed interest in.\nCold-start: A new user\u0026rsquo;s first trusted author key comes from receiving a btpk magnet link through any channel — a link shared via chat, email, QR code, printed material, a post on the regular web, or a starter pack pre-loaded by the client application. Once the first key is acquired, the trust graph expands outward through author recommendations. There is no required universal index and no protocol-mandated directory.\nStarter pack caveat: Client implementations may distribute optional starter packs — curated sets of btpk magnet links for seed authors. These lower the barrier for new users but introduce a de facto trust authority: the entity that curates the starter pack shapes who new users first encounter. This is the same structural issue as certificate authorities, expressed at the social layer rather than the protocol layer. Starter packs are explicitly outside the protocol, replaceable by the user, and non-authoritative. Client implementations should make starter pack provenance visible and allow users to modify or remove them.\nLayer 5 — Rendering The browser (or browser-like application) renders content bundles with a strictly constrained capability set: HTML, CSS, WebP images, WebM video. No JavaScript. No cookies. No remote resource loading of any kind. No forms with remote action targets.\nLinks to the regular web are permitted but visually distinguished and open in a separate conventional browser context. The rendering layer enforces the guarantee that no request leaves the machine as a result of viewing content.\nKey design decision recorded here: Custom renderer vs. stripped Chromium vs. existing minimal browser. Chromium forks are large and will resist JS removal at the architecture level. A fork of a minimal renderer (NetSurf, Servo, or a purpose-built engine) is preferable. The rendering surface is small enough — HTML + CSS only — that a purpose-built renderer is not unreasonable as a long-term goal. The browser document will explore implementation options.\n5. Content Format Constraints The permitted content format set is chosen to be minimal but not gratuitously restrictive:\nType Format Rationale Markup HTML5 (subset) Universal authoring knowledge; readable as plain text Style CSS3 (subset) Separates presentation from content; no JS required Images WebP Open format; superior compression vs JPEG/PNG; no patent encumbrance Video WebM Open format; VP8/VP9/AV1 codecs; no patent encumbrance Fonts WOFF2 (embedded) Permitted as bundle asset; no remote font loading Excluded and rationale:\nType Excluded Rationale JavaScript All JS Primary vector for tracking, dark patterns, and hostile behaviour Cookies All cookies No session state; no tracking mechanism JPEG/PNG Superseded WebP provides equivalent quality at lower size MP4/H.264 Patent-encumbered WebM preferred; H.264 excluded on principle SVG with scripts Scripted SVG Static SVG may be reconsidered; scripted SVG is JS by another name Remote resources All Content bundle must be self-contained Forms (remote) action= forms No data submission to remote servers A detailed content format specification will be produced as a separate document.\n6. Security and Trust Model 6.1 What the protocol guarantees Content integrity: A bundle whose hash matches the value in a signed feed manifest was produced by the holder of the corresponding private key and has not been modified in transit. Render-time privacy (strong, architectural): Once a bundle is locally available, rendering it causes zero outbound network requests. The rendering layer cannot leak reader identity or reading behaviour to any party. Retrieval-time privacy (transport-dependent): Feed fetching and BitTorrent swarm participation are observable at the network level. Swarm peers can observe other peers. Privacy at retrieval time depends on transport choices made by the client (Tor, I2P, VPN) and is not guaranteed by the protocol itself. No impersonation of an established key: Content cannot be falsely attributed to a known public key without access to the corresponding private key. Continuity of key control proves authorship continuity; it does not prove real-world identity. First-contact trust is social, not web-anchored. 6.2 What the protocol does not guarantee Author identity in the real world: A public key is a pseudonym. Linking it to a real person is outside the protocol. Content legality: The protocol is neutral infrastructure. Illegal content can be published. Mitigation is at the client layer (blocklists of known-bad public keys, content filtering) not the protocol layer. Availability: Content lives as long as peers seed it. The protocol makes no availability guarantee. DHT reachability: Feed freshness depends on DHT access. Hostile networks can block or degrade BitTorrent DHT. When DHT is unavailable, the client cannot learn of feed updates until DHT becomes reachable again (or until it fetches an alternative transport mirror of the feed manifest). Key continuity: If an author loses their private key, they cannot update their feed. If a key is compromised, the attacker can publish content under the author\u0026rsquo;s identity. Readers must be notified out of band. There is no protocol mechanism to revoke or rotate a key. 6.3 Threat model (summary — to be expanded) Threat Mitigation Malicious content bundle Signature verification; no JS execution; no remote requests Feed spoofing Signature verification against subscribed public key Reader deanonymisation at render No outbound requests from content; architectural guarantee Reader deanonymisation at retrieval Swarm peers can observe other peers; mitigated at transport layer (Tor, I2P, VPN); not a protocol-level guarantee Feed fetch observation Feed fetches reveal timing and destination to host; optionally proxied or Tor-routed Sybil attacks on recommendations Trust graph is opt-in; client controls traversal depth Content poisoning in swarm Hash verification on receipt Impersonation at first contact No first-contact identity verification; readers rely on social trust and key continuity over time; out-of-band verification is the only strong check Malicious or misleading starter packs Starter packs are non-authoritative and replaceable; client should display provenance and allow removal DHT interference or filtering Alternative transport mirrors of feed manifests (HTTP, Tor) may be used as secondary paths; DHT remains the protocol-native primary 7. Relationship to Existing Web This network is not a replacement for the existing web. It is a parallel network optimised for a specific class of content: articles, essays, documentation, photography, short video, and similar long-form or static media.\nThe regular web remains appropriate for:\nE-commerce and transactional services Social networking with interactive features Real-time communication Applications requiring server-side logic DecentWeb is operationally independent of the existing web. Publishing, subscribing, and reading require no DNS, HTTPS, or old-web infrastructure.\nThe two networks relate in the following ways:\nDecentWeb → old web (content links): Content on this network may link outward to the regular web. Those links open in a conventional browser context, clearly marked as leaving the network. This is a reader-initiated action, not a protocol operation. Old web → DecentWeb (informal, social): Authors may post btpk magnet links on their websites, in their old-web RSS feeds, or in any other channel. This is social convention, not a protocol dependency. The old web is neither a trust anchor nor a required onboarding path. Canonical DecentWeb address: magnet:?xs=urn:btpk:\u0026lt;base32-public-key\u0026gt; is the address format for a DecentWeb author. It can be embedded in a web page, printed on a card, or shared in any medium. Resolving it requires only a DHT-capable client, not a browser or web connection. 8. Open Questions for Future Documents The following questions are deferred to layer-specific documents:\nIdentity document: Key lifecycle model is decided (see Layer 1 summary). Remaining questions: should the feed manifest include an explicit successor-key field for announced rotation? What is the reader-local trust store format? What UX should clients show when a key transition is detected? Feed document: Exact schema for the signed feed manifest. Encoding format (CBOR is preferred for compactness; JSON for debuggability). BEP 44 payload encoding. Feed manifest torrent seeding expectations. Polling cadence and cache strategy for mutable DHT items. Should recommendation blocks carry raw public keys, btpk magnet links, or both? Content document: Bundle format specification. Maximum bundle size. Handling of multi-part long-form content. Seeding expectations for authors. Are feed updates append-only or replace-in-place? How are minor corrections (e.g. typos) surfaced without requiring a full re-seed? Are shared assets (stylesheets, fonts) duplicated across bundles or addressed separately? Discovery document: Trust graph traversal depth and cycle prevention. Local index format and update strategy. Should clients support signed starter packs or starter-pack bundles, and if so, what is the signing and provenance model? Handling of recommended feeds the user has not explicitly chosen. Rendering document: HTML and CSS subset definition. Handling of unsupported elements. Browser implementation strategy. Feed transport document (or appendix to feed document): What fallback transport strategies should exist when DHT access is degraded? How are HTTP mirror feeds discovered? How is the canonical BEP 44 item reconciled with HTTP-hosted copies? Governance document: How are format standards updated? Who may propose changes? How are breaking changes handled? 9. Document Roadmap This document is the root of a tree of specifications. The intended expansion order:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 decenweb-design-v0.1.md ← this document ├── decenweb-identity.md Ed25519 identity layer ├── decenweb-feed.md Feed manifest format and signing ├── decenweb-content.md Bundle format and BitTorrent integration ├── decenweb-discovery.md Local indexing and trust-graph discovery ├── decenweb-rendering.md Browser constraints and implementation ├── decenweb-security.md Full threat model and mitigations ├── decenweb-formats.md HTML/CSS/media subset specification └── decenweb-governance.md Standards process 10. Version History Version Date Notes 0.1 2026-05-31 Initial draft. Design goals, architecture overview, layer summaries, open questions. 0.1.1 2026-05-31 Post-review revisions: tightened privacy claims; added swarm threat; layer interface table; documented key lifecycle model and published-is-public principle; old-web RSS as trust anchor and onboarding mechanism; feed mirrorability; cold-start resolution; bundle update semantics in open questions. 0.2 2026-06-01 DHT-native rewrite: replaced HTTPS RSS bootstrap with BEP 44/BEP 46 mutable DHT feed addressing; btpk magnet link as canonical author address; Ed25519 keypair unified for identity, feed signing, and DHT write authority; Layer 2 redesigned around publication/read flows; starter pack centralization and DHT availability documented as explicit tradeoffs; key rotation and first-contact trust weaknesses acknowledged; Section 7 rewritten to remove old-web protocol dependency. This document was produced through a design conversation exploring alternatives to the advertising-dependent, server-hosted web. The options-considered sections within each layer summary are intentionally brief here; each will be expanded with full analysis in the corresponding layer document.\n","date":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/decentweb/cover.svg","permalink":"/p/decentweb/","title":"DecentWeb"},{"content":"About\nEach tile in this image is drawn by the same short algorithm, seeded once and run independently per cell. There are no external dependencies — just Python\u0026rsquo;s built-in random module and string formatting.\nFourfold symmetry. Every tile is divided into four quadrants. The algorithm draws a set of line segments into one quadrant, then rotates that group by 90°, 180°, and 270° around the tile centre to fill the rest. This guarantees the final pattern has four-way rotational symmetry regardless of what the random lines look like.\nLines in a triangle. Within each quadrant, lines are placed on an even sub-grid (sections × sections squares). Starting points are constrained to the lower-right triangle (y ≤ x), which stops the four rotations from overlapping at the diagonal. Each line also gets a mirror copy reflected across the quadrant\u0026rsquo;s main diagonal, doubling the density without extra sampling.\npos (gradient direction). Lines either run up-right (positive slope) or down-right (negative slope). The pos flag is True only at specific interior grid positions — a deliberate quirk from the original that gives the pattern its mix of crossing angles rather than all lines running the same way.\nFixed seed, stable output. generate(seed=42) produces the same image on every build. Pass --seed N on the command line to explore variants.\nGenerator\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 # /// script # requires-python = \u0026#34;\u0026gt;=3.11\u0026#34; # dependencies = [] # /// import sys import random def draw_line( x, y, length, pos, size, top_left_x, top_left_y, sw, sym=False, color=\u0026#34;rosybrown\u0026#34;, ): \u0026#34;\u0026#34;\u0026#34;Return the SVG XML for a single line segment. x, y — grid coordinates of the starting point length — number of grid squares to span pos — True for positive gradient (up-right), False for down-right size — pixel size of one grid square top_left_x/y — pixel origin of the tile sw — stroke width sym — True for the diagonal mirror copy of a line color — stroke colour \u0026#34;\u0026#34;\u0026#34; # mirror: negate length so the reflected line runs the other direction if sym: length = -length x2 = x + length y2 = y - length if pos else y + length # clamp endpoints that overshoot the tile edge back to the boundary if x2 \u0026lt; 0: y2 += x2 x2 = 0 if y2 \u0026lt; 0: x2 += y2 y2 = 0 # swap coords: mirrored+positive case lands in the right quadrant if sym and pos: x2, y2 = y2, x2 return ( f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;line x1=\u0026#34;{top_left_x + x * size}\u0026#34; y1=\u0026#34;{top_left_y + y * size}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; x2=\u0026#34;{top_left_x + x2 * size}\u0026#34; y2=\u0026#34;{top_left_y + y2 * size}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; stroke-linecap=\u0026#34;square\u0026#34; stroke-width=\u0026#34;{sw}\u0026#34; stroke=\u0026#34;{color}\u0026#34; /\u0026gt;\u0026#39; ) def create_lines(sections, rng): # Pick a random number of line segments to draw in one quadrant of the tile. # Lines live in the lower-right diagonal half of the bottom-right quadrant; # the fourfold rotation then fills the rest of the tile. num_lines = rng.randint(sections // 2, int(sections * 1.5)) point_set = set() lines = [] # keep sampling until we have enough unique starting points while len(lines) \u0026lt; num_lines: # even grid coordinates only, so lines snap to the quadrant\u0026#39;s sub-grid x = rng.randint(0, sections // 2 - 1) * 2 # y ≤ x: keeps us in the lower-right triangle y = rng.randint(0, x // 2) * 2 # maximum span before the line exits the tile top = sections - x - y if x == y and x == 2 else sections - x length = rng.randint(1, top) # positive gradient only at specific interior grid positions pos = x in (2, 4) and y in (2, 4) if (x, y) not in point_set: lines.append((x, y, length, pos)) point_set.add((x, y)) return lines def make_tiles(sections, x_tiles, y_tiles, tile_size, rng, sw=2): # sections — sub-grid divisions per quadrant (controls intricacy) # x_tiles/y_tiles — number of tiles across and down # tile_size — pixels per tile (tiles are square) # sw — stroke width width = x_tiles * tile_size height = y_tiles * tile_size square_size = tile_size / sections / 2 # pixel size of one sub-grid square parts = [ f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;svg xmlns=\u0026#34;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; viewBox=\u0026#34;0 0 {width} {height}\u0026#34;\u0026#39; f\u0026#39; width=\u0026#34;{width}\u0026#34; height=\u0026#34;{height}\u0026#34;\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;\u0026lt;style\u0026gt;\u0026#39; \u0026#39;:root{width:100%;height:100%;background:#111}\u0026#39; \u0026#39;\u0026lt;/style\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#39;, f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;rect width=\u0026#34;{width}\u0026#34; height=\u0026#34;{height}\u0026#34; fill=\u0026#34;#111\u0026#34; /\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#39;, ] for row in range(y_tiles): for col in range(x_tiles): top_left_x = col * tile_size top_left_y = row * tile_size cx = top_left_x + tile_size / 2 # rotation centre of this tile cy = top_left_y + tile_size / 2 # build one quadrant\u0026#39;s lines, then rotate into all four group = \u0026#34;\u0026#34; for x, y, length, pos in create_lines(sections, rng): group += ( draw_line( x, y, length, pos, square_size, top_left_x, top_left_y, sw, ) + \u0026#34;\\n\u0026#34; ) # mirror across the diagonal to fill the other half if x != y or pos: group += ( draw_line( y, x, -length, pos, square_size, top_left_x, top_left_y, sw, sym=True, ) + \u0026#34;\\n\u0026#34; ) # repeat this quadrant pattern at 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° for quad in range(4): rot = f\u0026#34;rotate({quad * 90} {cx} {cy})\u0026#34; parts.append(f\u0026#39;\u0026lt;g transform=\u0026#34;{rot}\u0026#34;\u0026gt;{group}\u0026lt;/g\u0026gt;\u0026#39;) parts.append(\u0026#34;\u0026lt;/svg\u0026gt;\\n\u0026#34;) return \u0026#34;\u0026#34;.join(parts) def generate(seed: int = 42) -\u0026gt; str: rng = random.Random(seed) return make_tiles( sections=10, x_tiles=4, y_tiles=3, tile_size=150, rng=rng, sw=2, ) if __name__ == \u0026#34;__main__\u0026#34;: import argparse p = argparse.ArgumentParser() p.add_argument(\u0026#34;--output\u0026#34;, \u0026#34;-o\u0026#34;, default=\u0026#34;cover.svg\u0026#34;) p.add_argument(\u0026#34;--seed\u0026#34;, type=int, default=42) args = p.parse_args() svg = generate(seed=args.seed) if args.output == \u0026#34;-\u0026#34;: sys.stdout.write(svg) else: with open(args.output, \u0026#34;w\u0026#34;) as f: f.write(svg) ","date":"2026-05-24T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/artboard-1/cover.svg","permalink":"/p/artboard-1/","title":"Artboard 1"},{"content":"I keep my domains at cloudflare, and I deploy them all with terraform. some python reads cloudflare API and generates the configuration data.\n10kpc.com accursedgame.com actuallysavetheworld.com allyourdatums.com bettertwitchchat.com directfromgermany.com dumberwithai.com filthylittlepiggies.com floremo.com humanzplz.com ladyfic.com opensoundengine.com oxfammodels.com roosterhood.com secropolis.com slipperywilly.com threebigfish.com unixfier.com userdoc.org userdok.com voteforindependents.com wickedgrog.com willitping.com wirkaufennichts.com yardata.com zettelbank.com \u0026hellip; list truncated here\n","date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/domains/cover.svg","permalink":"/p/domains/","title":"Domains"},{"content":"Cover image test post.\n","date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/image-test/pau-gomez-KA178s-sCFU-unsplash.jpg","permalink":"/p/image-test/","title":"Image Test"},{"content":"SVG cover image test.\n","date":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/svg-cover-test/cover.svg","permalink":"/p/svg-cover-test/","title":"SVG Cover Test"},{"content":"Stack theme has a built-in support for image galleries. It allows you to create a beautiful gallery by simply placing multiple images side-by-side.\nSample Gallery How it works The gallery is powered by Photoswipe and a custom internal script. It automatically calculates the best layout for your images based on their aspect ratios.\nTo create a gallery, you just need to put multiple images in the same line (or paragraph).\nSyntax 1 2 3 ![Image 1](image1.jpg) ![Image 2](image2.jpg) ![Image 3](image3.jpg) ![Image 4](image4.jpg) Note: There should be two spaces between the images to ensure they stay in the same line in Markdown\nGallery Syntax inspired by Typlog\n","date":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/image-gallery/helena-hertz-wWZzXlDpMog-unsplash.jpg","permalink":"/p/image-gallery/","title":"Image Gallery"},{"content":"This article offers a sample of basic Markdown syntax that can be used in Hugo content files, also it shows whether basic HTML elements are decorated with CSS in a Hugo theme.\nHeadings The following HTML \u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;—\u0026lt;h6\u0026gt; elements represent six levels of section headings. \u0026lt;h1\u0026gt; is the highest section level while \u0026lt;h6\u0026gt; is the lowest.\nH3 H4 H5 H6 Paragraph Xerum, quo qui aut unt expliquam qui dolut labo. Aque venitatiusda cum, voluptionse latur sitiae dolessi aut parist aut dollo enim qui voluptate ma dolestendit peritin re plis aut quas inctum laceat est volestemque commosa as cus endigna tectur, offic to cor sequas etum rerum idem sintibus eiur? Quianimin porecus evelectur, cum que nis nust voloribus ratem aut omnimi, sitatur? Quiatem. Nam, omnis sum am facea corem alique molestrunt et eos evelece arcillit ut aut eos eos nus, sin conecerem erum fuga. Ri oditatquam, ad quibus unda veliamenimin cusam et facea ipsamus es exerum sitate dolores editium rerore eost, temped molorro ratiae volorro te reribus dolorer sperchicium faceata tiustia prat.\nItatur? Quiatae cullecum rem ent aut odis in re eossequodi nonsequ idebis ne sapicia is sinveli squiatum, core et que aut hariosam ex eat.\nBlockquotes The blockquote element represents content that is quoted from another source, optionally with a citation which must be within a footer or cite element, and optionally with in-line changes such as annotations and abbreviations.\nBlockquote without attribution Tiam, ad mint andaepu dandae nostion secatur sequo quae. Note that you can use Markdown syntax within a blockquote.\nBlockquote with attribution Don\u0026rsquo;t communicate by sharing memory, share memory by communicating.\n— Rob Pike1\nBlockquote with alert 📝 Note Highlights information that users should take into account, even when skimming.\n📝 Custom title You can also provide a custom title for the note alert.\n💡 Tip Optional information to help a user be more successful.\n📌 Important Crucial information necessary for users to succeed.\n⚠️ Warning Critical content demanding immediate user attention due to potential risks.\n🚨 Caution Negative potential consequences of an action.\nTables Tables aren\u0026rsquo;t part of the core Markdown spec, but Hugo supports supports them out-of-the-box.\nName Age Bob 27 Alice 23 Inline Markdown within tables Italics Bold Code italics bold code A B C D E F Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Phasellus ultricies, sapien non euismod aliquam, dui ligula tincidunt odio, at accumsan nulla sapien eget ex. Proin eleifend dictum ipsum, non euismod ipsum pulvinar et. Vivamus sollicitudin, quam in pulvinar aliquam, metus elit pretium purus Proin sit amet velit nec enim imperdiet vehicula. Ut bibendum vestibulum quam, eu egestas turpis gravida nec Sed scelerisque nec turpis vel viverra. Vivamus vitae pretium sapien Code Blocks Code block with backticks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 \u0026lt;!doctype html\u0026gt; \u0026lt;html lang=\u0026#34;en\u0026#34;\u0026gt; \u0026lt;head\u0026gt; \u0026lt;meta charset=\u0026#34;utf-8\u0026#34;\u0026gt; \u0026lt;title\u0026gt;Example HTML5 Document\u0026lt;/title\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/head\u0026gt; \u0026lt;body\u0026gt; \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;Test\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/body\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/html\u0026gt; Code block indented with four spaces \u0026lt;!doctype html\u0026gt; \u0026lt;html lang=\u0026quot;en\u0026quot;\u0026gt; \u0026lt;head\u0026gt; \u0026lt;meta charset=\u0026quot;utf-8\u0026quot;\u0026gt; \u0026lt;title\u0026gt;Example HTML5 Document\u0026lt;/title\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/head\u0026gt; \u0026lt;body\u0026gt; \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;Test\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/body\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/html\u0026gt; Diff code block 1 2 3 4 5 [dependencies.bevy] git = \u0026#34;https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy\u0026#34; rev = \u0026#34;11f52b8c72fc3a568e8bb4a4cd1f3eb025ac2e13\u0026#34; - features = [\u0026#34;dynamic\u0026#34;] + features = [\u0026#34;jpeg\u0026#34;, \u0026#34;dynamic\u0026#34;] One line code block 1 \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;A paragraph\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt; List Types Ordered List First item Second item Third item Unordered List List item Another item And another item Nested list Fruit Apple Orange Banana Dairy Milk Cheese Other Elements — abbr, sub, sup, kbd, mark GIF is a bitmap image format.\nH2O\nXn + Yn = Zn\nPress CTRL + ALT + Delete to end the session.\nMost salamanders are nocturnal, and hunt for insects, worms, and other small creatures.\nThe above quote is excerpted from Rob Pike\u0026rsquo;s talk during Gopherfest, November 18, 2015.\u0026#160;\u0026#x21a9;\u0026#xfe0e;\n","date":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","image":"/p/markdown-syntax-guide/pawel-czerwinski-8uZPynIu-rQ-unsplash.jpg","permalink":"/p/markdown-syntax-guide/","title":"Markdown Syntax Guide"},{"content":"The Stack theme supports rendering mathematical notation using KaTeX.\nEnabling KaTeX Per-page basis To enable KaTeX for a specific post, include math: true in the post\u0026rsquo;s frontmatter:\n1 2 3 4 --- title: \u0026#34;My Math Post\u0026#34; math: true --- Globally To enable KaTeX for all posts, set article.math to true in your site configuration (params.yaml or params.toml):\n1 2 article: math: true Examples Inline Math You can include math inline by wrapping the expression in single dollar signs $.\nFor example: $ \\varphi = \\dfrac{1+\\sqrt5}{2}= 1.6180339887… $ renders as $ \\varphi = \\dfrac{1+\\sqrt5}{2}= 1.6180339887… $\nBlock Math For larger equations, use double dollar signs $$ to create a math block.\n$$ \\varphi = 1+\\frac{1} {1+\\frac{1} {1+\\frac{1} {1+\\cdots} } } $$More Complex Formula $$ f(a) = \\frac{1}{2\\pi i} \\oint_\\gamma \\frac{f(z)}{z-a} dz $$ Note: For a full list of supported TeX functions, refer to the KaTeX documentation.\n","date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","permalink":"/p/math-typesetting/","title":"Math Typesetting"},{"content":"This theme supports Mermaid diagrams directly in your Markdown content. Mermaid lets you create diagrams and visualizations using text and code.\nAbout Mermaid.js This theme integrates Mermaid.js (v11) to render diagrams from text definitions within Markdown code blocks. Mermaid is a JavaScript-based diagramming and charting tool that uses text-based syntax inspired by Markdown.\nFor complete syntax documentation, see the Mermaid.js documentation.\nGetting Started To create a Mermaid diagram, simply use a fenced code block with mermaid as the language identifier:\n1 2 3 4 5 ```mermaid graph TD A[Start] --\u0026gt; B[Process] B --\u0026gt; C[End] ``` The diagram will be automatically rendered when the page loads.\nFeatures Auto-detection: Mermaid script only loads on pages that contain diagrams Theme Support: Diagrams automatically adapt to light/dark mode HTML Labels: Support for HTML content in labels (like \u0026lt;br/\u0026gt; for line breaks) Configurable: Customize version, security level, and more in your site config Configuration You can configure Mermaid in your site config:\nhugo.yaml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 params: article: mermaid: version: \u0026#34;11\u0026#34; # Mermaid version from CDN look: classic # classic or handDrawn (sketch style) lightTheme: default # Theme for light mode darkTheme: neutral # Theme for dark mode securityLevel: strict # strict (default), loose, antiscript, sandbox htmlLabels: true # Enable HTML in labels hugo.toml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [params.article.mermaid] version = \u0026#34;11\u0026#34; # Mermaid version from CDN look = \u0026#34;classic\u0026#34; # classic or handDrawn (sketch style) lightTheme = \u0026#34;default\u0026#34; # Theme for light mode darkTheme = \u0026#34;neutral\u0026#34; # Theme for dark mode securityLevel = \u0026#34;strict\u0026#34; # strict (default), loose, antiscript, sandbox htmlLabels = true # Enable HTML in labels Additional Global Options These optional settings use Mermaid\u0026rsquo;s defaults when not specified:\nhugo.yaml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 params: article: mermaid: maxTextSize: 50000 # Maximum text size (default: 50000) maxEdges: 500 # Maximum edges allowed (default: 500) fontSize: 16 # Global font size in pixels (default: 16) fontFamily: \u0026#34;arial\u0026#34; # Global font family curve: \u0026#34;basis\u0026#34; # Line curve: basis, cardinal, linear (default: basis) logLevel: 5 # Debug level 0-5, 0=debug, 5=fatal (default: 5) hugo.toml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [params.article.mermaid] maxTextSize = 50000 # Maximum text size (default: 50000) maxEdges = 500 # Maximum edges allowed (default: 500) fontSize = 16 # Global font size in pixels (default: 16) fontFamily = \u0026#34;arial\u0026#34; # Global font family curve = \u0026#34;basis\u0026#34; # Line curve: basis, cardinal, linear (default: basis) logLevel = 5 # Debug level 0-5, 0=debug, 5=fatal (default: 5) For diagram-specific options (like flowchart.useMaxWidth), use Mermaid\u0026rsquo;s init directive directly in your diagram:\n1 2 3 4 5 ```mermaid %%{init: {\u0026#39;flowchart\u0026#39;: {\u0026#39;useMaxWidth\u0026#39;: false}}}%% flowchart LR A --\u0026gt; B ``` Security Note: The default securityLevel: strict is recommended. Set to loose only if you need HTML labels like \u0026lt;br/\u0026gt; in your diagrams.\nAvailable Themes Theme Description default Standard colorful theme neutral Grayscale, great for printing and dark mode dark Designed for dark backgrounds forest Green color palette base Minimal theme, customizable with themeVariables null Disable theming entirely Custom Theme Variables For full control, use the base theme with custom variables:\nhugo.yaml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 params: article: mermaid: lightTheme: base darkTheme: base lightThemeVariables: primaryColor: \u0026#34;#4a90d9\u0026#34; primaryTextColor: \u0026#34;#ffffff\u0026#34; lineColor: \u0026#34;#333333\u0026#34; darkThemeVariables: primaryColor: \u0026#34;#6ab0f3\u0026#34; primaryTextColor: \u0026#34;#ffffff\u0026#34; lineColor: \u0026#34;#cccccc\u0026#34; background: \u0026#34;#1a1a2e\u0026#34; hugo.toml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 [params.article.mermaid] lightTheme = \u0026#34;base\u0026#34; darkTheme = \u0026#34;base\u0026#34; [params.article.mermaid.lightThemeVariables] primaryColor = \u0026#34;#4a90d9\u0026#34; primaryTextColor = \u0026#34;#ffffff\u0026#34; lineColor = \u0026#34;#333333\u0026#34; [params.article.mermaid.darkThemeVariables] primaryColor = \u0026#34;#6ab0f3\u0026#34; primaryTextColor = \u0026#34;#ffffff\u0026#34; lineColor = \u0026#34;#cccccc\u0026#34; background = \u0026#34;#1a1a2e\u0026#34; Common variables: primaryColor, secondaryColor, tertiaryColor, primaryTextColor, lineColor, background, fontFamily\nNote: Theme variables only work with the base theme and must use hex color values (e.g., #ff0000).\nDiagram Types Flowchart Flowcharts are the most common diagram type. Use graph or flowchart with direction indicators:\nTD or TB: Top to bottom BT: Bottom to top LR: Left to right RL: Right to left flowchart LR A[Hard edge] --\u003e|Link text| B(Round edge) B --\u003e C{Decision} C --\u003e|One| D[Result one] C --\u003e|Two| E[Result two]Sequence Diagram Perfect for showing interactions between components:\nsequenceDiagram participant Alice participant Bob Alice-\u003e\u003eJohn: Hello John, how are you? loop Healthcheck John-\u003e\u003eJohn: Fight against hypochondria end Note right of John: Rational thoughts prevail! John--\u003e\u003eAlice: Great! John-\u003e\u003eBob: How about you? Bob--\u003e\u003eJohn: Jolly good!Class Diagram Visualize class structures and relationships:\nclassDiagram Animal \u003c|-- Duck Animal \u003c|-- Fish Animal \u003c|-- Zebra Animal : +int age Animal : +String gender Animal: +isMammal() Animal: +mate() class Duck{ +String beakColor +swim() +quack() } class Fish{ -int sizeInFeet -canEat() } class Zebra{ +bool is_wild +run() }State Diagram Model state machines and transitions:\nstateDiagram-v2 [*] --\u003e Still Still --\u003e [*] Still --\u003e Moving Moving --\u003e Still Moving --\u003e Crash Crash --\u003e [*]Entity Relationship Diagram Document database schemas:\nerDiagram CUSTOMER ||--o{ ORDER : places ORDER ||--|{ LINE-ITEM : contains CUSTOMER }|..|{ DELIVERY-ADDRESS : uses CUSTOMER { string name string custNumber string sector } ORDER { int orderNumber string deliveryAddress }Gantt Chart Plan and track project schedules:\ngantt title A Gantt Diagram dateFormat YYYY-MM-DD section Section A task :a1, 2024-01-01, 30d Another task :after a1, 20d section Another Task in Another :2024-01-12, 12d another task :24dPie Chart Display proportional data:\npie showData title Key elements in Product X \"Calcium\" : 42.96 \"Potassium\" : 50.05 \"Magnesium\" : 10.01 \"Iron\" : 5Git Graph Visualize Git branching strategies:\ngitGraph commit commit branch develop checkout develop commit commit checkout main merge develop commit commitMindmap Create hierarchical mindmaps:\nmindmap root((mindmap)) Origins Long history Popularisation British popular psychology author Tony Buzan Research On effectivenessand features On Automatic creation Uses Creative techniques Strategic planning Argument mapping Tools Pen and paper MermaidTimeline Display chronological events:\ntimeline title History of Social Media Platform 2002 : LinkedIn 2004 : Facebook : Google 2005 : YouTube 2006 : TwitterAdvanced Features HTML in Labels To use HTML in labels, you must set securityLevel: loose in your site config:\nhugo.yaml:\n1 2 3 4 5 params: article: mermaid: securityLevel: loose htmlLabels: true hugo.toml:\n1 2 3 [params.article.mermaid] securityLevel = \u0026#34;loose\u0026#34; htmlLabels = true Then you can use HTML tags like \u0026lt;br/\u0026gt; for line breaks:\n1 2 3 4 ```mermaid graph TD A[Line 1\u0026lt;br/\u0026gt;Line 2] --\u0026gt; B[\u0026lt;b\u0026gt;Bold\u0026lt;/b\u0026gt; text] ``` Per-Diagram Theming Override the theme for a specific diagram using Mermaid\u0026rsquo;s frontmatter:\n1 2 3 4 5 ```mermaid %%{init: {\u0026#39;theme\u0026#39;: \u0026#39;forest\u0026#39;}}%% graph TD A[Start] --\u0026gt; B[End] ``` %%{init: {'theme': 'forest'}}%% graph TD A[Christmas] --\u003e|Get money| B(Go shopping) B --\u003e C{Let me think} C --\u003e|One| D[Laptop] C --\u003e|Two| E[iPhone] C --\u003e|Three| F[Car]Inline Styling with style You can style individual nodes directly within your diagram using the style directive:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ```mermaid flowchart LR A[Start] --\u0026gt; B[Process] --\u0026gt; C[End] style A fill:#4ade80,stroke:#166534,color:#000 style B fill:#60a5fa,stroke:#1e40af,color:#000 style C fill:#f87171,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fff ``` Result:\nflowchart LR A[Start] --\u003e B[Process] --\u003e C[End] style A fill:#4ade80,stroke:#166534,color:#000 style B fill:#60a5fa,stroke:#1e40af,color:#000 style C fill:#f87171,stroke:#991b1b,color:#fffStyle properties include:\nfill - Background color stroke - Border color stroke-width - Border thickness color - Text color stroke-dasharray - Dashed border (e.g., 5 5) Styling with CSS Classes You can define reusable styles with classDef and apply them using :::className:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ```mermaid flowchart LR A:::success --\u0026gt; B:::info --\u0026gt; C:::warning classDef success fill:#4ade80,stroke:#166534,color:#000 classDef info fill:#60a5fa,stroke:#1e40af,color:#000 classDef warning fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000 ``` Result:\nflowchart LR A:::success --\u003e B:::info --\u003e C:::warning classDef success fill:#4ade80,stroke:#166534,color:#000 classDef info fill:#60a5fa,stroke:#1e40af,color:#000 classDef warning fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#92400e,color:#000Subgraphs Group related nodes together:\nflowchart TB subgraph one a1--\u003ea2 end subgraph two b1--\u003eb2 end subgraph three c1--\u003ec2 end one --\u003e two three --\u003e two two --\u003e c2Theme Switching This theme automatically detects your site\u0026rsquo;s light/dark mode preference and adjusts the Mermaid diagram theme accordingly:\nLight mode: Uses the default Mermaid theme Dark mode: Uses the dark Mermaid theme (configurable) Try toggling the theme switcher to see diagrams update in real-time!\nComplex Example Here\u0026rsquo;s an example with subgraphs, HTML labels, emojis, and custom styling:\nflowchart TD subgraph client[\"👤 Client\"] A[\"User Device192.168.1.10\"] end subgraph cloud[\"☁️ Cloud Gateway\"] B[\"Load Balancer(SSL Termination)\"] end subgraph server[\"🖥️ Application Server\"] C[\"API Gateway10.0.0.1\"] D[\"Auth Service10.0.0.2\"] E[\"Web Server10.0.0.3\"] F[\"Database10.0.0.4\"] end A -- \"HTTPS Request\" --\u003e B B -- \"Forward(internal)\" --\u003e C C -- \"Authenticate\" --\u003e D D -- \"Token\" --\u003e C C -- \"Route\" --\u003e E E --\u003e F style client fill:#1a365d,stroke:#2c5282,color:#fff style cloud fill:#f6ad55,stroke:#dd6b20,color:#000 style server fill:#276749,stroke:#22543d,color:#fff Note: This example requires securityLevel: loose for HTML labels and styling to work.\nKnown Limitations Dark Mode Theming Mermaid.js\u0026rsquo;s built-in themes have some limitations:\ndark theme (default): Best text contrast, but some diagram backgrounds may appear brownish (e.g., Gantt charts) neutral theme: Better background colors, but some text (labels, legends) may have reduced contrast For full control, use the base theme with custom variables:\nhugo.yaml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 params: article: mermaid: darkTheme: base darkThemeVariables: primaryColor: \u0026#34;#1f2937\u0026#34; primaryTextColor: \u0026#34;#ffffff\u0026#34; lineColor: \u0026#34;#9ca3af\u0026#34; textColor: \u0026#34;#e5e7eb\u0026#34; hugo.toml:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [params.article.mermaid] darkTheme = \u0026#34;base\u0026#34; [params.article.mermaid.darkThemeVariables] primaryColor = \u0026#34;#1f2937\u0026#34; primaryTextColor = \u0026#34;#ffffff\u0026#34; lineColor = \u0026#34;#9ca3af\u0026#34; textColor = \u0026#34;#e5e7eb\u0026#34; We plan to improve dark mode theming in future updates as Mermaid.js evolves.\nTroubleshooting Diagram not rendering? Make sure you\u0026rsquo;re using a fenced code block with mermaid as the language Check your browser\u0026rsquo;s console for syntax errors Verify your Mermaid syntax at Mermaid Live Editor HTML not working in labels? HTML in labels requires securityLevel: loose. Update your configuration:\nhugo.yaml:\n1 2 3 4 5 params: article: mermaid: securityLevel: loose htmlLabels: true hugo.toml:\n1 2 3 [params.article.mermaid] securityLevel = \u0026#34;loose\u0026#34; htmlLabels = true Warning: Using loose security level allows HTML in diagrams. Only use this if you trust your diagram content.\nSyntax errors? Mermaid is strict about syntax. Common issues:\nMissing spaces around arrows Unclosed brackets or quotes Invalid node IDs (avoid special characters) Resources Mermaid Documentation Mermaid Live Editor - Test diagrams interactively Mermaid Syntax Reference ","date":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","permalink":"/p/mermaid-diagrams/","title":"Mermaid Diagrams"}]